La fraternidad latinoamericana
Por Pedro Corzo
Los numerosos conflictos bélicos y desacuerdos fronterizos con amagos de guerra, entre las naciones de América Latina, desmienten la divulgada fraternidad hemisférica. Solo unos ejemplos para constatar la realidad.
Prácticamente todos los países de Sudamérica tienen diferendos fronterizos con sus vecinos y el resto del continente no escapa de esa realidad. En ocasiones estas diferencias han generado guerra cruentas y tensiones política de variable intensidad, lo que ha afectado las relaciones, y propicia que ante una crisis generada por cualquier circunstancia, se exacerben los ánimos y ocurran situaciones criticas que pueden desembocar en un conflicto armado de grandes proporciones, si una de las partes no asume plena conciencia del escenario.
Un ejemplo de esta situación fue la movilización ordenada por el presidente Hugo Chávez, cuando fuerzas colombianas ingresaron en territorio de Ecuador para destruir la narcoguerrilla de Raúl Reyes. La actitud de Álvaro Uribe evitó un conflicto bélico de grandes proporciones.
Los problemas hemisféricos se remontan a recién terminada las Guerras de Independencia. La fijación de los límites entre la Gran Colombia, heredera del Virreinato de Nueva Granada y del Virreinato del Perú provocaron un serio de conflicto.
Perú y la Gran Colombia (1828-1829) sostuvieron una guerra en la que el Virreinato de Nueva Granada intentaba recuperar unos territorios. La Gran Colombia fracasó en sus objetivos de intentar recuperar los límites territoriales previos a la independencia.
Desde que Venezuela y Colombia se separaron enfrentan un diferendo fronterizo por el desplazamiento de la línea limítrofe en tierra firme y la no delimitación de las aguas territoriales y submarinas que le corresponderían respectivamente a cada país en la península de la Goajira.
Colombia sostiene otra controversia por límites marítimos con Nicaragua. El país centroamericano hace varios años demandó a Bogotá ante la Corte Internacional de La Haya por la soberanía del archipiélago de San Andrés y Providencia, en el Mar Caribe.
Honduras y Nicaragua sostienen una disputa por 130,000 kilómetros cuadrados de su plataforma en el Caribe. Nicaragua tiene diferencias con Costa Rica por el Río San Juan, que separa ambos países en el sur. El presidente de Honduras, Manuel Zelaya y el presidente de El Salvador, Antonio Elías Saca, les atribuyen a sus respectivos países soberanía sobre la isla Conejo, situada en el golfo de Fonseca.
En 1969 las fuerzas armadas de El Salvador ingresaron a territorio hondureño y lograron avanzar hasta pocos kilómetros de Tegucigalpa, lo que originó la denominada guerra del fútbol que concluyó con la muerte de cerca de 5000 personas.
Venezuela le reclama a Guyana desde 1963 el territorio del Esequibo, planteando que esa región integraba la desaparecida Capitanía General que radicaba en Caracas. Varios incidentes han tenido lugar en la frontera. El 15 de noviembre de 2007 se produjo un incidente cuando unos 40 soldados venezolanos ingresaron a Guyana por las aguas territoriales del rió Cuyuní.
Bolivia tuvo un conflicto territorial con Chile, que involucró a Peru por un acuerdo previo existente entre La Paz y Lima. La Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883), que ganó Chile, determino que el Departamento de Antofagasta dejara de ser boliviano y que Tarapacá y Arica dejaran de estar bajo la soberanía peruana. El diferendo todavía existe.
Perú y Ecuador enfrentan un largo y en ocasiones sangriento conflicto en las regiones del Amazonas y Los Andes, ejemplos de estos fueron las guerra de 1941/42 y la guerra del Cenepa en 1995. Perú tiene otras diferencias con Ecuador, por discrepancias en parte de su frontera marítima. Algo similar le ocurre con Chile.
La tristemente famosa Guerra del Chaco, 1932-1935, se libró entre Bolivia y Paraguay, por el control de la región del Chaco Boreal. Durante tres años un cuarto de millón de bolivianos se enfrentaron a 150,000 “hermanos” paraguayos. Las bajas en la “familia” fueron de unos 55.000 bolivianos y aproximadamente 40.000 paraguayos.
Entre Chile y Argentina existió un serio desacuerdo de soberanía sobre las islas que están situadas al sur de Canal de Beagle. En más de una ocasión se movilizaron fuerzas militares y ocurrieron escaramuzas entre los efectivos de ambos países. El diferendo se resolvió en 1984, por la intervención del papa Juan Pablo II.
El Caribe es también escenario de conflictos entre naciones que están obligadas a convivir. Haití y República Dominicana han sostenido a través de los tiempos fuertes y sangrientos enfrentamientos. Haití ocupó el territorio de la República Dominicana durante veintidós años; y este país tuvo que ir a la guerra para alcanzar la independencia.
Desde la primera infancia estamos escuchando sobre la fraternidad de los pueblos de América Latina. Recuerdo aquella América Inmortal que mal entonábamos los estudiantes de primaria en las escuelas cubanas.
La armonía no es real porque los países más ricos de América Latina nunca han prestado un firme y continuo apoyo a los más pobres, salvo que sea por motivaciones políticas, como en su momento hizo Fidel Castro y en el presente ejecuta su heredero Hugo Chávez.
La solidaridad y la convicción de un destino común de Libertad y Democracia entre los pueblo del hemisferio parece ser otro cuento de caminos. Haití padeció crueles dictaduras cuando la mayor parte de las naciones latinoamericanas más poderosas vivían en democracia y Cuba padece hace 50 años un régimen totalitario, y los gobiernos distinguen a los déspotas y disfrutan de su compañía.
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